Table 1

Demographic characteristics of study subjects: depression and dry eye parameters

Subjects
ParametersDED evaluationDepression evaluation
All subjectsGroup without DEDGroup with DEDGroup without depressionGroup with depression
Number of subjects14561215241(1)1318138(2)
Age, years64.82±9.4764.33±9.3867.26±9.60p<0.001*64.90±9.4364.09±9.97p=0.35
Gender
 Male40.5%42.2%31.5%p=0.002*41.5%30.4%p=0.009*
 Female59.5%57.8%68.5%58.5%69.6%
Residence
 Rural43.5%46.7%27.8%p<0.001*42%58%p<0.001*
 Urban56.5%53.3%72.2%58%42%
Level of educationp=0.44p=0.005*
 Illiteracy or near illiteracy7.2%6.7%9.5%6.9%10.3%
 Primary school education14.4%15.3%10%14.3%15.5%
 Middle school education42.7%43.7%37.8%41.6%52.9%
 College education or more35.7%34.3%42.7%37.2%21.3%
Income level3.36±2.033.26±2.063.85±1.84p<0.001*3.43±2.042.69±1.88p<0.001*
BCVA0.94±0.210.95±0.210.90±0.23p<0.001*0.95±0.210.91±0.23p=0.07
Cognitive function26.50±3.4126.52±3.3926.44±3.54p=0.7626.61±3.2625.51±4.49p=0.007*
DS31.12±7.2530.99±7.2031.79±7.51p=0.1229.32±3.8448.35±9.33p<0.001*
DES1.52±2.320.72±1.365.51±1.98p<0.001*1.46±2.242.09±2.94p=0.02*
Schirmer test, mm11.77±7.0012.00±7.0710.63±6.59p=0.005*11.69±6.9712.57±7.35p=0.18
TBUT, s7.76±5.438.13±5.715.90±3.13p<0.001*7.71±5.398.31±5.89p=0.25
Corneal staining0.67±0.540.66±0.540.69±0.54p=0.450.67±0.530.68±0.58p=0.68
MGD assessment1.14±0.751.13±0.741.19±0.75p=0.231.14±0.741.11±0.76p=0.67

  • *p Values<0.05 were considered significant.

  • BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; DED, dry eye disease; DES, dry eye symptoms; DS, depression score; MGD, meibomian gland dysfunction; TBUT, tear film break-up time (1) as compared to subjects without DED and (2) as compared to subjects without depression.