Baseline clinical features
| % (n) or mean (SD) | |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Female | 66.7 (26) |
| Age in years | 48.7 (12.4) |
| Duration of symptoms | |
| Acute (<1 month) | 12.8 (5) |
| Chronic (>1 month) | 56.4 (22) |
| Symptoms | |
| Pain | 38.5 (15) |
| Retrobulbar or periorbital | 73.3 (11) |
| Headache | 26.6 (4) |
| Visual loss (<20/40) | 33.3 (13) |
| Optic nerve dysfunction (RAPD) | 76.9 (10) |
| Hyperopic shift | 7.7 (1) |
| Diplopia | 10.3 (4) |
| Gaze-evoked amaurosis | 6.3 (2) |
| Signs | |
| Proptosis | 79.5 (31) |
| RAPD | 33.3 (13) |
| Acuity worse than 20/40 | 28.2 (11) |
| Abnormal visual field | 25.6 (10) |
| Extinguished colour | 20.6 (7) |
| Papilloedema | 10.5 (4) |
| Choroidal folds | 5.4 (2) |
| Tropias | 5.4 (2) |
| Duction deficit | 20.0 (8) |
| Treatment | |
| Surgery | 76.3 (29) |
| Observation | 15.4 (6) |
| Radiotherapy | 9.1 (3) |
| Follow-up | |
| Length of follow-up in months | 18.39 (20.9) |
| Recurrence | 0 (0) |
| Metastases | 0 (0) |
RAPD, relative afferent pupillary defect.