Prevalence rates of refractive errors among adults in population-based eye studies
| Study | Beaver Dam USA5 | Blue Mountains Australia1 | Singapore Malay Population7 | Singapore Indian Population11 | Tajimi Japan4 | Beijing China6 | Handan China16 | Central India18 | Bangladesh19 | Barbados20 | Norfolk GB9 | Segovia Spain8 | Gutenberg Health Study Germany |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects (n) | 2354 | 3654 | 2974 | 3400 | 3021 | 4439 | 6491 | 4711 | 11 624 | 4036 | 2519 | 417 | 13 959 |
| Age span | 43–84 | 49–97 | 40–80 | 40+ | 40+ | 40–90 | 30+ | 30+ | 30+ | 40–84 | 48–88 | 40–79 | 35–74 |
| Myopia (<−0.5 sph D) | 26.2% (95% CI NA) | 15.5% (12.4 to 18.6) | 30.7% (95% CI NA) | 28.0% (25.8 to 30.2) | 41.8% (40.0 to 43.6) | 22.9% (21.7 to 24.2) | 26.7% (25.6 to 27.8) | 17.0% (16.4 to 17.6) | 22.1% (21.3 to 22.8) | 21.9% (20.6 to 23.2) | 27.0% (95% CI NA) | 25.4% (21.5 to 29.8) | 35.1% (34.3 to 35.9) |
| Hyperopia (>+0.5 sph D) | 49.0% (95% CI NA) | 56.6% (54.4to 58.8) | 27.4% (24.7 to 27.6) | 35.9% (33.7 to 38.3) | 27.9% (26.3 to 29.6) | 20.0% (18.8 to 21.2) | 15.9% (15.0 to 16.8) | 18.0% (17.4 to 18.6) | 20.6% (19.9 to 21.4) | 46.9% (45.4 to 48.5) | 52.2% (95% CI NA) | 43.6% (39.0 to 48.4) | 31.8% (31.0 to 32.6) |
| Astigmatism (>0.5 cyl D) | NA | NA | 33.3% (33.0 to 33.5) | 54.9% (52.0 to 57.9) | 54.0% (52.1 to 55.8) | NA | 24.5% (23.5 to 25.5) | NA | 32.4% (31.5 to 33.3) | NA | NA | 53.5% (48.7 to 58.2) | 32.3% (31.6 to 33.1) |
| Anisometropia (>1 sph D difference) | NA | NA | 9.9% (9.7 to 10.0) | 9.8% (8.6 to 11.1 | 15.1% (13.7 to 16.4) | NA | 7.7% (7.0 to 8.4) | NA | 7.5% (7.0 to 8.0) | NA | NA | 12.3% (95% CI NA) | 13.5% (12.9 to 14.0) |
NA=not available.