Total n | % | Oedema present (at least one eye) n | % | Oedema absent (both eyes) n | % | p Value (oedema present vs absent) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cases | 3170 | 243 | 2927 | ||||
Age* median (IQR) | 60* | (49, 69) | 67* | (58, 75) | 59* | (48, 69) | <0.001 |
Sex (male) | 1925 | 60.7 | 147 | 60.5 | 1778 | 60.7 | 0.993 |
Ethnicity | 0.015 | ||||||
Caucasian | 2678 | 84.5 | 223 | 91.8 | 2455 | 84.5 | |
Asian | 369 | 11.6 | 16 | 6.6 | 353 | 12.1 | |
Black | 74 | 2.3 | 2 | 0.8 | 72 | 2.5 | |
Other/unknown | 49 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.8 | 47 | 1.6 | |
Diabetes: | <0.001† | ||||||
Type 1 | 709 | 22.4 | 28 | 11.5 | 681 | 23.3 | |
Type 2 | 2452 | 77.4 | 213 | 87.7 | 2239 | 76.5 | |
Unspecified | 4 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.1 | |
Unknown | 5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.2 | |
Glitazone use (yes) | 177 | 5.6 | 10 | 4.1 | 167 | 5.7 | 0.372 |
Amblyopia (either yes) | 86 | 2.7 | 83 | 2.8 | 3 | 1.2 | 0.204 |
Visual acuity (left eye)‡ | <0.001 | ||||||
Better (logMAR<0.3) | 2807 | 88.5 | 163 | 67.1 | 2644 | 90.3 | |
Worse (logMAR≥0.3) | 348 | 11.0 | 77 | 31.7 | 271 | 9.3 | |
Missing | 15 | 0.5 | 3 | 1.2 | 12 | 0.4 | |
Visual acuity‡ (right eye) | <0.001 | ||||||
Better (logMAR<0.3) | 2794 | 88.1 | 164 | 67.5 | 2630 | 89.9 | |
Worse (logMAR≥0.3) | 361 | 11.4 | 74 | 30.5 | 287 | 9.8 | |
Missing | 15 | 0.5 | 5 | 2.1 | 10 | 0.3 | |
Mutually exclusive categories | <0.001 | ||||||
Exudates <1 DD | 1024 | 32.3 | 144 | 59.3 | 880 | 30.1 | |
Blots (no exudates) <1 DD | 423 | 13.3 | 51 | 21.0 | 372 | 12.7 | |
Microaneurysms only <1 DD | 1371 | 43.2 | 44 | 18.1 | 1327 | 45.3 | |
Exudates 1–2 DD | 27 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 27 | 0.9 | |
No relevant diabetic retinopathy features <2DD | 325 | 10.3 | 4 | 1.6 | 321 | 11.0 |
*Age is presented as median and (interquartile range).
†Comparison of three categories of diabetes (type 1, type 2 and other) as unknown and unspecified combined for statistical test.
‡Visual acuity better (logMAR<0.3, Snellen 6/9.5 or better) and visual acuity worse (logMAR≥0.3, Snellen 6/12 or worse).
DD, disc diameter; DR, diabetic retinopathy.