Moderate DR | Vision-threatening DR | Macular oedema | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age–gender adjusted | Multivariate adjusted* | Age–gender adjusted | Multivariate adjusted* | Age–gender adjusted | Multivariate adjusted* | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
RHI | ||||||
1st quartile (0.91–1.44) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
2nd quartile (1.45–1.67) | 0.46 (0.16 to 1.32) | 0.50 (0.15 to 1.66) | 0.42 (0.10 to 1.82) | 0.47 (0.10 to 2.21) | 0.33 (0.03 to 4.20) | 0.25 (0.02 to 3.09) |
3rd quartile (1.68–2.08) | 0.90 (0.33 to 2.45) | 1.01 (0.33 to 3.08) | 0.95 (0.23 to 3.88) | 0.97 (0.21 to 4.42) | 0.94 (0.13 to 7.18) | 1.36 (0.12 to 15.4) |
4th quartile (2.09–4.27) | 1.31 (0.50 to 3.45) | 1.28 (0.44 to 3.73) | 1.76 (0.48 to 6.43) | 1.29 (0.29 to 5.70) | 2.47 (0.33 to 18.5) | 1.77 (0.24 to 13.3) |
P—trend: 0.340 | P—trend: 0.276 | P—trend: 0.272 | P—trend: 0.559 | P—trend: 0.279 | P—trend: 0.305 | |
Per SD increase | 1.36 (0.95 to 1.93) | 1.26 (0.90 to 1.77) | 1.59 (1.05 to 2.42) | 1.20 (0.77 to 1.86) | 1.47 (0.83 to 2.58) | 1.22 (0.72 to 1.95) |
p Value for trend | 0.091 | 0.399 | 0.029 | 0.111 | 0.183 | 0.416 |
lnRHI | ||||||
1st quartile (−0.094–0.365) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
2nd quartile (0.372–0.513) | 0.46 (0.16 to 1.32) | 0.50 (0.15 to 1.66) | 0.42 (0.10 to 1.82) | 0.47 (0.10 to 2.21) | 0.433 (0.03 to 4.20) | 0.25 (0.02 to 3.09) |
3rd quartile (0.519–0.732) | 0.90 (0.33 to 2.45) | 1.01 (0.33 to 3.08) | 0.95 (0.23 to 3.88) | 0.97 (0.21 to 4.42) | 0.94 (0.12 to 7.18) | 1.36 (0.12 to 15.4) |
4th quartile (0.737–1.450) | 1.31 (0.50 to 3.45) | 1.28 (0.44 to 3.73) | 1.76 (0.48 to 6.43) | 1.29 (0.29 to 5.70) | 2.47 (0.33 to 18.5) | 1.77 (0.24 to 13.3) |
P—trend: 0.340 | P—trend: 0.380 | P—trend: 0.272 | P—trend: 0.559 | P—trend: 0.279 | P—trend: 0.305 | |
Per SD increase | 1.30 (0.91 to 1.88) | 1.22 (0.81 to 1.72) | 1.58 (0.96 to 2.58) | 1.14 (0.69 to 1.91) | 1.54 (0.78 to 3.04) | 1.28 (0.72 to 2.59) |
p Value for trend | 0.154 | 0.399 | 0.072 | 0.223 | 0.216 | 0.403 |
AI | ||||||
1st quartile (−30.07–6.49) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||
2nd quartile (6.53–20.96) | 2.85 (0.97 to 8.33) | 5.45 (1.44 to 20.6) | ||||
3rd quartile (21.0–31.49) | 1.26 (0.40 to 3.94) | 1.80 (0.50 to 6.57) | ||||
4th quartile (31.50–79.83) | 3.77 (1.32 to 10.8) | 3.73 (1.10 to 12.7) | ||||
P—trend: 0.051 | P—trend: 0.105 | P—trend | P—trend | |||
Per SD increase | 1.42 (1.01 to 2.01) | 1.34 (0.94 to 1.90) | 2.00 (1.29 to 3.11) | 1.73 (1.17 to 2.56) | 1.69 (0.89 to 3.22) | 1.78 (1.05 to 2.99) |
p Value for trend | 0.045 | 0.122 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.109 | 0.029 |
AI@75 | ||||||
1st quartile (−25.08–4.41) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||
2nd quartile (4.67–14.47) | 1.73 (0.62 to 4.79) | 2.03 (0.64 to 6.49) | ||||
3rd quartile (14.94–27.36) | 1.12 (0.41 to 3.10) | 1.04 (0.36 to 2.96) | ||||
4th quartile (27.71–77.76) | 2.14 (0.79 to 6.04) | 1.60 (0.52 to 4.85) | ||||
P—trend: 0.266 | P—trend: 0.055 | P—trend | P—trend | |||
Per SD increase | 1.64 (1.15 to 2.34) | 1.43 (0.99 to 2.05) | 2.47 (1.58 to 3.85) | 2.02 (1.22 to 3.34) | 2.09 (1.01 to 4.34) | 1.87 (0.99 to 3.52) |
p Value for trend | 0.006 | 0.670 | <0.001 | 0.020 | 0.04 | 0.054 |
*Multivariable model adjusted for age (years), gender, current smoking status (never, current, past), mean duration of diabetes (years), HbA1c, hypertension (absent, present).
AI, augmentation index; AI@75, AI standardised to a heart rate of 75 bpm; RHI, reactive hyperaemia index.