Table 4

Associations between the change in spherical equivalent and possible risk factors

Characteristics	Linear regression*
	Simple linear regression				Multiple linear regression
	p Value	β	Standard error	95% CI	p Value	β	SE	95% CI	VIF
Demographics and parental characteristics
Age (year)	0.452	0.04	0.05	−0.06 to 0.13	0.477	0.03	0.05	−0.06 to 0.13	1.01
Sex (male/female (ref))	0.427	−0.02	0.03	−0.08 to 0.04	0.433	−0.02	0.03	−0.08 to 0.035	1.01
Area of residence (suburban/urban (ref))	0.342	0.03	0.03	−0.03 to 0.09	0.523	0.02	0.03	−0.04 to 0.077	1.01
Baseline spherical equivalent (D)	0.077	0.02	0.01	0.00 to 0.05	0.114	0.02	0.01	−0.01 to 0.05	1.02
Maternal education level (H/C (ref))	0.255	0.04	0.03	−0.03 to 0.10	0.659	0.01	0.03	−0.05 to 0.08	1.28
Parental myopia
One myopic/none (ref)	0.040	−0.10	0.05	−0.19 to 0.00	0.178	−0.10	0.08	−0.25 to 0.05	4.91
Both myopic/none (ref)	0.001	−0.14	0.04	−0.21 to 0.06	0.096	−0.12	0.07	−0.27 to 0.02	6.18
Near work habits
Age when starting near work (<6/≥6 years (ref))	0.864	0.01	0.05	−0.09 to 0.11	0.787	0.01	0.05	−0.08 to 0.11	1.97
Time spent on near work daily (≥2/<2 hour (ref))	0.214	−0.04	0.03	−0.102 to 0.023	0.705	−0.01	0.03	−0.08 to 0.05	1.16
Distance from near work (<30/≥30 cm (ref))	0.0001	−0.13	0.03	−0.19 to – 0.06	0.001	−0.11	0.03	−0.18 to 0.04	1.24
10-min rest period after 30 min of near work (yes (ref)/no)	0.002	−0.11	0.04	−0.17 to –0.04	0.043	−0.07	0.04	−0.14 to –0.002	1.44
Use of cellphones, computers or computer tablets in the past year (yes/no (ref))	0.782	−0.02	0.05	−0.12 to 0.09	0.946	−0.003	0.05	−0.11 to 0.10	2.20
Time spent participating in outdoor activities after school
On weekdays (<1/≥1 hour/day (ref))	0.104	−0.06	0.04	−0.14 to 0.01	0.180	−0.05	0.04	−0.13 to 0.02	1.58
On the weekend (<2/≥2 hours/day (ref))	0.580	−0.02	0.03	−0.08 to 0.05	0.796	−0.01	0.03	−0.08 to 0.06	1.32
After-school tutorial programme
Attending an after-school tutorial programme (yes/no (ref))	0.3325	0.04	0.04	−0.038 to 0.112	0.228	0.05	0.04	−0.03 to 0.12	1.47
Intervention
‘Cycloplegics’ use (no/yes (ref))	0.0274	0.07	0.03	0.007 to 0.125	0.175	0.04	0.03	−0.02 to 0.10	1.10

*For statistical analysis, simple and multiple linear regression models were used to examine the association between the myopia progression and risk factors. H/C, high school or less/college or beyond; VIF, variance inflation factor.