Association between bilateral VI and vision-specific emotional well-being in a multiple linear regression model
| Vision-specific emotional well-being | ||
|---|---|---|
| β, 95% CI | % Change | |
| Age (years) | ||
| 40–49 (ref) | 7.62 (0.07) | |
| 50–59 | 0.09 (−0.08 to 0.25) | 1.18 |
| 60–69 | 0.27 (0.09 to 0.45) | 3.54 |
| 70+ | 0.45 (0.24 to 0.67) | 5.91 |
| Eye conditions* | ||
| None (ref) | 7.84 (0.04) | |
| Cataract | −0.20 (−0.47 to 0.08) | 2.55 |
| UCRE | −0.03 (−0.25 to 0.19) | 0.38 |
| Glaucoma | −1.88 (−3.00 to −0.76) | 23.98 |
| DR | −0.87 (−1.82 to 0.08) | 11.10 |
| AMD | −0.20 (−1.01 to 0.61) | 2.55 |
| Others | −0.49 (−1.00 to 0.01) | 6.25 |
| Presenting bilateral VI† | ||
| None (ref) | 7.91 (0.05) | |
| Moderate | −1.11 (−0.26 to −0.04) | 14.03 |
| Severe | −1.84 (−2.23 to −1.45) | 23.26 |
Adjusted means (SE) are provided for the reference categories.
Bold values represent independent variables found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) associated with emotional well-being; italicised values represent independent variables found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) associated with emotional well-being and clinically meaningful.
*Eye conditions were determined by the study ophthalmologists according to standardised definitions.
†None, defined as having 0.3 logMAR or less in both eyes; Moderate, defined as having 0.3 logMAR or less in one eye and greater than 0.3 logMAR in the other or greater than 0.3 to less than 1.0 logMAR in both eyes; and Severe, defined as having 1.0 or greater logMAR in one eye and greater than 0.3 to less than 1.0 logMAR in the other eye or 1.0 or greater logMAR in both eyes.
AMD, age macular degeneration; DR, diabetic retinopathy; LogMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; UCRE, uncorrected refractive error; VI, vision impairment.