Table 1

Ways in which the patient voice may be heard in healthcare (selected)

Individual levelCollective and system level
Patient setting of the research agendaIndividual suggestions to a health professional or researcherPPI, including:
James Lind Alliance priority setting partnership
Patient representatives on grant-awarding committees
Awarding of grants dependent on PPI
Patients as members of the research team
Patient experience of their disease and the impact of treatmentDialogue with a health professional, for example, clinic visit
PROMs
Qualitative studies
Core outcome sets (COS)
PROMs
Patient identification of their priorities for treatmentDialogue with a health professional, for example, clinic visit
PROMs
COS
Patient-to-patient peer supportDialogue with another patient, for example, through PSS
Online patient discussion forums
PSS-produced information resources
PSS surveys of their members
Research collating data from online forums
Patient assessment of quality of careIndividual feedback to a health professional or a peerPatient satisfaction surveys
PREMs
Online resources (eg, reviews of services/individual clinicians)
Patient setting of health policy agendaIndividual requests to a health professional or policy makerPatient representation at bodies such as HTA/NICE
Campaigning by PSS
  • COS, core outcome sets; HTA, health technology assessment; NICE, National Institute of Health and Care Excellence; PPI, patient and public involvement; PSS, patient support society; PREMs, Patient-Reported Experience Measures; PROMs, patient-reported outcome measures.