Characteristics |
Change in IOP (mm Hg) | |
β (95% CI) | ||
Model 1† |
Model 2‡* | |
Age, per 5 years |
−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) |
−0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01)* |
Gender, female |
0.46 (0.29 to 0.64)** |
0.35 (0.12 to 0.58)* |
Ethnicity | ||
Malays |
Reference |
Reference |
Indians |
0.69 (0.51 to 0.86)** |
0.70 (0.52 to 0.89)** |
Baseline IOP, mm Hg |
−0.68 (−0.70 to −0.65)** |
−0.69 (−0.71 to −0.66)** |
Smoking status | ||
Never |
Reference | |
Current smoker |
−0.22 (−0.51 to 0.07) |
– |
Past smoker |
−0.14 (−0.46 to 0.19) |
– |
Body mass index, kg/m2 |
0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)** |
0.02 (0.01 to 0.04)* |
Diabetes |
0.40 (0.19 to 0.60)** |
0.27 (0.06 to 0.49)* |
HbA1c (%) |
0.09 (0.03 to 0.16)* |
0.05 (−0.02 to 0.12) |
Hypertensive status | ||
Subgroup 1: normotensive at baseline and follow-up |
Reference |
Reference |
Subgroup 2: normotensive at baseline and hypertensive at follow-up |
0.76 (0.49 to 1.04)** |
0.67 (0.39 to 0.95)** |
Subgroup 3: hypertensive at baseline and follow-up |
0.60 (0.38 to 0.82)** |
0.46 (0.22 to 0.70)** |
Subgroup 4: hypertensive at baseline and normotensive at follow-up |
0.22 (−0.20 to 0.63) |
0.18 (−0.24 to 0.60) |
*Denotes P<0.05.
**Denotes P<0.001.
†Model 1 adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and IOP.
‡Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, IOP, body mass index, diabetes and hypertensive. When HbA1c was assessed as an exposure, diabetes was removed from the model.
–, data were intentionally omitted; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c.