NDR | NPDR | Control | P value | |
No of subjects | 80 | 75 | 75 | |
Age (years) | 61.2±4.0 | 61.8±5.7 | 61.2±3.9 | 0.654 |
Gender (male:female) | 39:41 | 37:38 | 36:39 | 0.995 |
Refractive error (dioptres) | –0.39±1.83 | −0.37±2.19 | −0.47±1.79 | 0.722 |
Presence of hypertension (n) | 55 | 52 | 17 | <0.001* |
Presence of stroke (n) | 6 | 5 | 2 | 0.239 |
History of insulin treatment (n) | 10 | 25 | 0.002* | |
Diabetic duration (years) | 8.3±7.1 | 13.9±8.5 | <0.001† | |
HbA1c (%) | 7.3±1.3 | 7.8±1.9 | 0.040† | |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176±44 | 162±38 | 187±41 | 0.002† |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 178±102 | 155±89 | 107±53 | 0.001† |
BUN (mg/dL) | 15.8±4.8 | 18.4±9.3 | 15.5±4.0 | 0.015† |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.74±0.33 | 0.91±0.76 | 0.74±0.15 | 0.067 |
Retinal thickness of parafoveal 1–3 mm (µm) | 310±18.2 | 313±19.1 | 318±16.9 | 0.051 |
mGCIPL thickness (µm) | 78.7±6.4 | 78.5±6.6 | 82.3±4.9 | <0.001† |
LogMAR BCVA | 0.04±0.08 | 0.06±0.09 | 0.01±0.04 | 0.007† |
FAZ area (mm2) | ||||
SRL | 0.38±0.11 | 0.38±0.09 | 0.33±0.11 | 0.001† |
DRL | 0.58±0.12 | 0.59±0.10 | 0.48±0.11 | <0.001† |
FAZ perimeter (mm) | 2.65±0.35 | 2.66±0.33 | 2.40±0.52 | <0.001† |
FAZ circularity index | 0.63±0.06 | 0.62±0.07 | 0.69±0.08 | <0.001† |
Vessel density in SRL | ||||
Parafovea (3×3 mm) | 17.8±1.80 | 17.5±1.66 | 19.6±1.39 | <0.001† |
Perifovea (6×6 mm) | 16.6±1.55 | 16.4±1.62 | 18.3±1.22 | <0.001† |
Perfusion index in SRL | ||||
Parafovea (3×3 mm) | 0.32±0.03 | 0.31±0.03 | 0.39±0.05 | <0.001† |
Perifovea (6×6 mm) | 0.34±0.05 | 0.34±0.04 | 0.41±0.05 | <0.001† |
*χ2 analysis=statistically significant at 5% level of significance.
†One-way analysis of variance.
BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DRL, deep retinal capillary layer; FAZ, foveal avascular zone; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; mGCIPL, macular ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; SRL, superficial retinal capillary layer.