Prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presenting visual impairment by ethnic grouping
| White | Traveller | Non-white | ||||
| 6–7 years, % (CI) | 12–13 years, % (CI) | 6–7 years, % (CI) | 12–13 years, % (CI) | 6–7 years, % (CI) | 12–13 years, % (CI) | |
| Myopia | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.5) | 17.4 (14.7 to 20.4) | 4.6 (1.2 to 13.8) | 17.4 (10.4 to 27.5) | 12.3 (6.4 to 21.9) | 39.4 (30.1 to 49.5) |
| Hyperopia | 25.8 (22.3 to 29.6) | 9.5 (7.3 to 11.8) | 35.4 (24.2 to 48.3) | 11.6 (6.2 to 20.8) | 11.1 (5.5 to 20.5) | 3.8 (1.2 to 10.1) |
| Astigmatism | 17.9 (14.9 to 21.3) | 15.1 (12.6 to 18.0) | 26.2 (16.4 to 38.8) | 11.6 (6.1 to 20.8) | 23.5 (15.1 to 34.4) | 25.0 (17.3 to 34.6) |
| Astigmatic axis | ||||||
| WTR | 78.8 (69.5 to 86.0) | 74.3 (64.7 to 82.1) | 76.5 (48.0 to 92.2) | 80.0 (44.2 to 96.5) | 89.5 (65.5 to 98.2) | 88.5 (68.7 to 96.9) |
| ATR | 6.7 (3.0 to 13.9) | 11.4 (6.3 to 19.5) | 5.9 (0.3 to 30.8) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 (0.2 to 21.6) |
| OBL | 14.4 (8.6 to 23.0) | 14.3 (8.5 to 22.8) | 17.6 (4.7 to 44.2) | 20.0 (3.5 to 55.8) | 10.5 (1.9 to 34.5) | 7.7 (1.3 to 26.6) |
| PVI (better eye) | 2.1 (1.1 to 3.7) | 3.3 (2.1 to 4.9) | 13.8 (6.9 to 25.2) | 1.2 (0.1 to 7.2) | 7.4 (3.0 to 16.0) | 5.8 (1.2 to 10.1) |
| PVI (either eye) | 6.4 (4.6 to 8.7) | 8.2 (6.3 to 10.5) | 21.5 (12.7 to 33.8) | 8.1 (3.6 to 6.6) | 17.3 (10.1 to 27.6) | 9.6 (5.0 to 17.4) |
ATR, against-the-rule; OBL, oblique; PVI, presenting visual impairment; WTR, with-the-rule.