Associated risk factors for visual impairment and major age-related eye diseases at baseline SCES-1
| Visual impairment and eye diseases as outcomes | Adjusted covariates | Findings |
| Best-corrected Bilateral Visual Impairment (VI) or Blindness, US definition*17 | Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, BMI, smoking status, housing type, monthly income and educational level | Older age (per 10 years; OR=3.66; 95% CI 2.77 to 4.83), diabetes (OR=1.59; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.44), low educational level (OR=1.72; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.66) |
| POAG4 | Age, gender, IOP, CCT, presence of myopia, hypertension and diabetes | Older age (≥70 years old compared with 40–49 years; OR=4.57; 95% CI 1.26 to 16.58), male gender (OR=2.38; 95% CI 1.28 to 4.34), higher IOP (OR=1.14; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.22) |
| DR19 | Age, gender, BMI, HbA1c, SBP, duration of diabetes, income, housing and education level | Longer duration of diabetes (OR=1.09; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.12), higher HbA1c (OR=1.23; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.44), higher systolic blood pressure level (OR=1.24; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.40), low education level (OR=2.43, 95% CI 1.38 to 4.26), CKD (OR=2.36; 95% CI 1.22 to 4.54) |
| Early AMD3 | Age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol, creatinine, chronic kidney disease, current smoker, alcohol consumption and axial length | Chinese ethnicity (compared with Malays; OR=1.56; 95% CI 1.22 to 2.00), older age (per 5 years; OR=1.40; 95% CI 1.29 to 1.52), male gender (OR=1.88; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.67), shorter axial length (OR=1.28; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.45) |
| Any cataract†18 | Age, gender, education and income | Older age (OR=1.20; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.23), female gender (OR=1.50; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.92), current smoker (OR=1.53; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.18), lower educational level (OR=1.77; 95% CI 1.37 to 2.30), lower income (OR=1.40; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.97) |
*Low vision was defined as best corrected VA <6/12 to ≥6/60, and blindness was defined as best-corrected VA <6/60. Bilateral VI defined as VI in one eye and VI/blindness in the other eye.
†Presence of any existing cataract or any cataract surgery in either eye (Modified Wisconsin Cataract Grading System).
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; BMI, body mass index; CCT, central corneal thickness; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HbA1C, haemoglobin A1c; IOP, intraocular pressure; OR, odds ratio; PACG, Primary angle closure glaucoma; POAG, primary open angle glaucoma; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SCES, Singapore Chinese Eye Study; VA, visual acuity.