Table 1

Overview of included studies

StudyCountryNorth/ southYear of publicationAge (years)Mean age (years)% femaleNAMD stagesClassification systemAssessmentRisk of bias
I/IIIIIIIIaIIIbIARMESGMESA3CACSS/
RES		OtherfpclinOCT
Prevalence studies
EUREYE29Multi2006≥6573.261.04753xxxxxxLow
AugUR†26 30GermanyN2015≥7077.545.81040xxxxxLow
GHS9GermanyN201465–75*55.549.6834*xxxxxxLow
KORA10GermanyN201660–74*47.549.8608*xxxxLow
POLA31FranceS1998≥6070.456.52196xxxLow
ALIENOR32FranceS2010≥7379.761.9879xxxxxxLow
Montrachet†33 34FranceS2015≥7582.2631069xxxxxMedium
BEAP35UKN2017≥6575.055.83475xxxxxxLow
EPIC-Norfolk36UKN201548–9267.456.95182xxxxLow
Salandra37ItalyS1997≥6069.555.7366xxxxxxxMedium
PAMDI38ItalyS2011≥6171.554.1845xxxxxxLow
SEE39SpainS2011≥65n.r.60.62132xxxxxxxLow
AGES-R40IcelandN2011≥6676.6585272xxxxxxLow
Coimbra41PortugalS2016≥5568.256.35996xxxxxxLow
Crete11GreeceS1999≥60*68.459.5627*xxxxMedium
Oslo Macular42NorwayN2006≥5166.351.4459xxxxxxLow
Oulu43FinlandN1996≥70n.r.67.2478xxxxxxxMedium
RES44–46NetherlandsN2014≥556958.56251xxxxxxLow
Slovakia47SlovakiaN2017≥5566.665.62924xxxxxLow
Thessaloniki48GreeceS2009≥607047.12554xxxMedium
TILDA49IrelandN2015≥5061.654.34751xxxxxxLow
Tromso50NorwayN2012≥6557.527.72631xxxxxLow
Incidence studies
POLA22FranceS2005, baseline examination: 1995–1997, mean follow-up interval: 3 years142435‡xxMedium
ALIENOR23FranceS2018, baseline examination: 2006–2008, mean follow-up interval: 4 years65924‡xxxx(x)Low
AGES-R24IcelandN2005, baseline examination: 1996, mean follow-up interval: 5 years84637‡xxxLow
RES25NetherlandsN2001, baseline examination: 1990–1993, mean follow-up interval: 2 years495335‡xxxLow

  • Reported AMD stages: I: early AMD, II: intermediate AMD, III: late AMD, IIIa: nAMD, IIIb: GA, according to Beckman classification. Assessment: clin: clinical, fp: fundus photography, OCT: optical coherence tomography; n.r.=not reported. Studies: EUREYE: European Eye Study (France, Italy, Spain, UK, Estonia, Greece), AugUR: Augenstudie an der Universität Regensburg, GHS: Gutenberg Health Study (subgroup 65–74 years, total sample size: 4340), KORA: Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (subgroup: ≥60 years, total sample size: 2536), POLA: Pathologies Oculaires Liées á l'Age, ALIENOR: Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et maladies OculaiRes Study, Montrachet: Maculopathy Optic Nerve nutrition neurovAsCular and HEarT diseases, BEAP: Bridlington Eye Assessment Project, EPIC-Norfolk, European Prospective Investigation of Cancer, Norfolk, Salandra: Salandra Eye Study, PAMDI: Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Italy, SEE: Spanish Eyes Epidemiology Study, AGES-R: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study, Coimbra: Coimbra Eye Study, Crete (subgroup ≥60 years, total sample size: 777), Oslo Macular: Oslo Macular Study, Rotterdam: Rotterdam Eye Study, Slovakia: Prevalence of AMD in Slovakia Study, Thessaloniki: Thessaloniki Eye Study, TILDA: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Tromso: Tromso Eye Study; Classification systems: IARMESG: International ARM Epidemiology Study group,51 MESA: Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (modified Wisconsin Are-related maculopathy (ARM) grading system52), 3CACSS: harmonized Three Continent AMD Consortium severity scale,44 RES: Rotterdam Eye Study,45 other classification systems: see online supplementary table 5.

  • *Age subgroup (mean age refers to original study cohort).

  • †Prevalence data extracted from abstract

  • ‡incidence studies: % of patients with early or intermediate AMD atbaseline