Demographic and ophthalmological data on 26 individuals with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and 27 healthy controls
| FASD (n=26) | Controls (n=27) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | |||
| Women, n (%) | 12 (46) | 18 (68) | n.s. |
| Men, n (%) | 14 (54) | 9 (32) | n.s. |
| Age in years, median (range) | 23 (19–27) | 25 (21–29) | 0.028 |
| Born preterm*, n | 10 | 0 | |
| FAS, n | 18 | 0 | |
| PFAS, n | 6 | 0 | |
| ARND, n | 2 | 0 | |
| Ophthalmological data | |||
| Visual acuity, median (range) logMAR | |||
| BCVA, right eye | 0.05 (−0.01–1.3) n=25† | 0.0 (−0.11–0.05) | 0.003 |
| BCVA, left eye | 0.0 (−0.01–1.0) | 0.0 (−0.2–0.1) | 0.001 |
| BCVA, best eye | 0.0 (−0.1–0.3) | 0.0 (−0.2–0.0) | 0.001 |
| Refraction, D SE | |||
| Right eye | −0.125 (−3.88 to +2.63) n=25† | −0.50 (−4.5 to +1.0) | n.s. |
| Left eye | −0.25 (−4.13 to +1.63) | −0.63 (−4.13 to +1.25) | n.s. |
| Morphology, n (%) | |||
| ONH‡ in either eye | 4 (15) | 0 | 0.05 |
| ODA mm2, measured with RST in individuals with FAS, median (range) | |||
| ODA/rim area, right eye | 2.38/2.01 (1.56–2.85)/(1.22–2.68) n=15 | N/A | |
| ODA/rim area, left eye | 2.20/1.83 (1.46–3.15)/(1.16–2.99) n=16 | N/A | |
| Psychological evaluation | |||
| Intellectual quotient | 70 (36–121) n=25 | N/A | |
*Gestational week 31–36.
†One male participant contributed only with the left eye, as the right eye had myopia >6 D SE.
‡ONH was defined clinically as a small optic disc, with or without a double-ring sign, pallor or segmental irregularities of the disc margins.
ARND, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; D, dioptre; FAS, foetal alcohol syndrome; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; N/A, not available; n.s., not significant; ODA, optic disc area; ONH, optic nerve hypoplasia; PFAS, partial foetal alcohol syndrome; RST, retinal size tool; SE, spherical equivalent.