Baseline clinical characteristics of the individuals with type 1 diabetes with (SDR+) and without (SDR−) incident severe diabetic retinopathy
| Variables and baseline covariates | SDR− | SDR+ | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 630 | 413 | NA |
| Sex, n (female %) | 321 (51.0) | 168 (40.7) | 0.001* |
| Age (years) | 30.6 (23.3–40.4) | 33.7 (26.2–45.7) | <0.001† |
| Age at onset of diabetes (years) | 17.2 (11.0–25.8) | 12.1 (7.3–18.4) | <0.001† |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 11.7 (7.4–18.7) | 20.4 (14.5–28.2) | <0.001† |
| Normal AER, n (%) | 576 (91.4) | 203 (49.2) | |
| Microalbuminuria, n (%) | 41 (6.5) | 102 (24.7) | <0.001* |
| Macroalbuminuria, n (%) | 13 (2.1) | 108 (26.1) | |
| Onset of ESRD, n (%) | 8 (1.3%) | 23 (5.6%) | <0.001* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 127±14 | 136±19 | <0.001† |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 77±9 | 81±10 | <0.001† |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7±3.4 | 25.4±3.7 | <0.001† |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 109 (96–120) | 102 (82–116) | <0.001† |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 254 (40.3) | 208 (50.4) | 0.001* |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.08±0.85 | 3.53±0.94 | <0.001† |
| Follow-up (years) | 16.6 (14.2–17.5) | 6.7 (2.6–11.1) | <0.001† |
| Deaths (n) | 9 | 0 | NA |
| LPS activity (EU/mL) | 0.50 (0.36–0.69) | 0.54 (0.37–0.81) | 0.03† |
| Mean number of antibiotic purchases per follow-up year | 0.67±0.68 | 0.92±1.04 | 0.02† |
*Pearson’s χ2-test.
†Mann-Whitney U-test.
AER, albumin excretion rate; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LPS activity, bacterial lipopolysaccharide activity; NA, not applicable; SDR+, individuals with incident severe diabetic retinopathy during follow-up; SDR−, individuals without severe diabetic retinopathy during follow-up and with absent/mild retinopathy at baseline. Data are presented as mean±SD, median (IQR) or percentages where appropriate.