(n=15 836 eyes) | Beta | 95% CI | P value |
Sex (female) | −0.043 | −0.080 to 0.005 | 0.027 |
Age (per year) | |||
Linear term | 0.139 | 0.12 to 0.15 | <0.001 |
Quadratic term | −0.001 | −0.0014 to −0.0011 | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular parameters | |||
HbA1c (%) | 0.011 | −0.040 to 0.019 | 0.49 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.000 | −0.0010 to 0.0015 | 0.69 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.000 | −0.0002 to 0.0007 | 0.30 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.000 | −0.0003 to 0.0004 | 0.71 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.002 | −0.007 to 0.004 | 0.55 |
Physical activity | 0.000 | >−0.001 to <0.001 | 0.14 |
Smoking history | |||
Non-smoker | Reference | ||
Smoker | 0.030 | 0.012 to 0.072 | 0.16 |
Occasional smoker | −0.050 | −0.174 to 0.074 | 0.43 |
Former smoker | 0.023 | −0.012 to 0.057 | 0.19 |
Ocular parameters | |||
Spherical equivalent (D) | −0.015 | −0.033 to 0.002 | 0.085 |
IOP (mm Hg) | −0.003 | −0.009 to 0.003 | 0.34 |
Lens opacity | −0.001 | −0.039 to 0.039 | 0.98 |
Education | |||
Secondary gerneral school (‘Hauptschule’) | Reference | ||
Intermediate school (‘Realschule’) | 0.013 | −0.03 to 0.08 | 0.57 |
High school (‘Abitur’) | 0.000 | −0.04 to 0.04 | 0.98 |
Others | 0.031 | −0.12 to 0.17 | 0.66 |
None | 0.049 | −0.11 to 0.21 | 0.55 |
Occupation | |||
Housemaker, retried or none | Reference | ||
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and horticulture | −0.050 | −0.17 to 0.07 | 0.42 |
Production and manufacturing | −0.006 | −0.05 to 0.06 | 0.83 |
Construction and architecture | 0.009 | −0.10 to 0.12 | 0.87 |
Natural and computer science | 0.054 | −0.03 to 0.14 | 0.21 |
Transport, logistics, security and military | −0.051 | −0.11 to 0.01 | 0.10 |
Commercial services and tourism | 0.004 | −0.06 to 0.06 | 0.89 |
Business organisation, accounting, law and administration | 0.006 | −0.04 to 0.06 | 0.80 |
Health and education | −0.001 | −0.05 to 0.05 | 0.98 |
Humanities, media and culture | 0.038 | −0.05 to 0.13 | 0.42 |
Data from the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (2007–2017). Multivariable linear regression analysis with generalised estimating equations was conducted. Bold values indicate statistical significance (p<0.05).
HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; IOP, intraocular pressure; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein.