Table 1

Studies of early and late age-related macular degeneration incidence

						Data by sex			AMD type			AMD assessment		Sample size		Cumulative incidence (%)		Annual incidence (%)
First author, year	Study name, region	Region	Ethnicity	Age range (years)	Follow-up duration (years)	M	F	All	Early	Late	Grading system	FI	EE	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Late	Year of follow-up	Risk of bias score
Bressler, 1995¹⁷	Waterman Study, USA	North America	White	70+	5	✓				✓	WARM	✓			50		2.0		0.40	1990	1
Sparrow, 1997¹⁹	Melton Mowbray, UK	Europe	White	84–97	6.7			✓		✓	WARM	✓			82		4.9		0.75	1989–91	1
vanLeeuwen, 2003²⁰	Rotterdam Study, the Netherlands	Europe	White	55–86+	6.5			✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		4822	4822	7.4	1.3	1.19	0.20	1995–98	1
Mukesh, 2004²¹	Melbourne Visual Impairment Project, Australia	Oceania	White	40–80+	4.5	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	IC	✓	✓	1466	1618	17.3	0.5	4.22	0.11	1997–99	0
Delcourt, 2005²²	Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l’Age Study, France	Europe	White	60–80+	3			✓		✓	IC	✓			1424		0.5		0.16	1998–2000	1
Jonasson, 2005²³	Reykjavik Eye Study, Iceland	Europe	White	50–80+	5	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	IC	✓		591	693	21.3	1.2	4.79	0.24	2001	0
Buch, 2005²⁴	Copenhagen City Eye Study, Denmark	Europe	White	60–80	14.5	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		254	297	31.5	14.8	2.61	1.10	2000–02	0
Kashiwagi, 2005²⁵	Japan	Asia	Asian	37–78	10			✓		✓	SS	✓	✓		219		0.4		0.04	1998	2
Leske, 2006²⁶	Barbados Eye Study, Barbados	Latin America & Caribbean	Black	40–70+	9	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	SS	✓		2070	2362	12.6	0.7	1.50	0.08	1996–2001	0
Chang, 2008²⁷	Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project, USA	North America		65–86	2			✓	✓	✓	SS	✓		3087	1533	6.1	0.3	3.15	0.15	1995	1
			White	65–86	2			✓	✓	✓	SS	✓		2365	1156	5.6	0.3	2.88	0.15
			Black	65–86	2			✓	✓	✓	SS	✓		722	377	7.9	0.3	4.11	0.15
Yasuda, 2009²⁸	Hisayama Study, Japan	Asia	Asian	40+	9	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓	✓	1201	1391	11.9	1.7	1.41	0.19	2007	1
Coleman, 2010²⁹	Study of Osteoporotic Fractures, USA	North America		65–85+	5		✓		✓	✓	WARM	✓		1194	1710	24.1	5.7	5.52	1.17		0
			White	74–85+	5		✓		✓	✓	WARM	✓		1033	1493	25.1	6.2	5.78	1.28	1991–93
			Black	65–85+	5		✓		✓	✓	WARM	✓		161	217	16.7	0.9	3.65	0.18	2002–03
Choudhury, 2011³⁰	Los Angeles Latino Eye Study, USA	North America	Hispanic	40–80+	4.3			✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓	✓	3547	3547	2.6	0.2	0.61	0.05	2004–07	1
You, 2012³¹	Beijing Eye Study, China	Asia	Asian	40–70+	5	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	IC	✓		3049	3049	4.2	0.1	0.86	0.02	2006	0
Klein, 2013³²	Beaver Dam Eye Study, USA	North America	White	43–84	20			✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		1913	1913	17.2	4.0	0.94	0.20	2008–10	2
Jonasson, 2014³³	The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study, Iceland	Europe	White	67+	5	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		2196	2196	14.2	0.7	3.06	0.14	2007–11	1
Joachim, 2015³⁴	Blue Mountains Eye Study, Australia	Oceania	White	49+	15	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓	✓	2036	2421	22.7	6.8	1.72	0.47	2007–09	1
Fisher, 2016³⁵	Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, USA	North America		45–84	8	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		3685	3802	3.5	0.9	0.45	0.11	2008–10	0
			White	45–85	8	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		1486	1549	4.8	1.5	0.62	0.19
			Black	45–86	8	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		938	949	1.6	0.1	0.20	0.01
			Hispanic	45–87	8	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		808	841	3.0	0.5	0.38	0.06
			Asian	45–88	8	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓		453	463	4.0	1.3	0.51	0.16
Founti, 2016³⁶	Thessaloniki Eye Study, Greece	Europe	White	60+	11.6	✓	✓	✓		✓	IC	✓	✓		1078		5.4		0.48	2011–14	1
Bastawrous, 2017³⁷	Nakuru Eye Disease Cohort Study, Kenya	Africa	Black	50–80+	6	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	IC	✓		1282	1282	15.8	0.0	2.86	0.00	2013–14	1
Cheung, 2017³⁸	Singapore Malay Eye Study, Singapore	Asia	Asian	40–70+	6	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓	✓	1729	1803	5.9	0.8	1.01	0.13	2010–12	0
Foo, 2018³⁹	Singapore Indian Eye Study, Singapore	Asia	Asian	40+	6			✓	✓	✓	WARM	✓	✓	2105	2105	5.1	0.5	0.87	0.08	2013–15	1
Saunier, 2018⁴⁰	Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et Maladies Oculaires Study, France	Europe	White	73–80+	3.8	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	IC	✓	✓	659	659	18.2	6.8	5.29	1.85	2010–12	1
Farinha, 2019⁴¹	Epidemiologic Coimbra Eye Study, Portugal	Europe	White	55–84+	6.5	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	IC	✓	✓	1479	1607	10.7	0.8	1.74	0.12	2016–18	1

EE, eye examination; F, female; FI, fundus imaging; IC, International Classification System; M, male; SS, study specific; WARM, Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System.