Studies of early and late age-related macular degeneration incidence
Data by sex | AMD type | AMD assessment | Sample size | Cumulative incidence (%) | Annual incidence (%) | |||||||||||||||||
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First author, year | Study name, region | Region | Ethnicity | Age range (years) | Follow-up duration (years) | M | F | All | Early | Late | Grading system | FI | EE | Early | Late | Early | Late | Early | Late | Year of follow-up | Risk of bias score | |
Bressler, 199517 | Waterman Study, USA | North America | White | 70+ | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 50 | 2.0 | 0.40 | 1990 | 1 | ||||||||
Sparrow, 199719 | Melton Mowbray, UK | Europe | White | 84–97 | 6.7 | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 82 | 4.9 | 0.75 | 1989–91 | 1 | ||||||||
vanLeeuwen, 200320 | Rotterdam Study, the Netherlands | Europe | White | 55–86+ | 6.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 4822 | 4822 | 7.4 | 1.3 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 1995–98 | 1 | ||||
Mukesh, 200421 | Melbourne Visual Impairment Project, Australia | Oceania | White | 40–80+ | 4.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IC | ✓ | ✓ | 1466 | 1618 | 17.3 | 0.5 | 4.22 | 0.11 | 1997–99 | 0 | |
Delcourt, 200522 | Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l’Age Study, France | Europe | White | 60–80+ | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | IC | ✓ | 1424 | 0.5 | 0.16 | 1998–2000 | 1 | ||||||||
Jonasson, 200523 | Reykjavik Eye Study, Iceland | Europe | White | 50–80+ | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IC | ✓ | 591 | 693 | 21.3 | 1.2 | 4.79 | 0.24 | 2001 | 0 | ||
Buch, 200524 | Copenhagen City Eye Study, Denmark | Europe | White | 60–80 | 14.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 254 | 297 | 31.5 | 14.8 | 2.61 | 1.10 | 2000–02 | 0 | ||
Kashiwagi, 200525 | Japan | Asia | Asian | 37–78 | 10 | ✓ | ✓ | SS | ✓ | ✓ | 219 | 0.4 | 0.04 | 1998 | 2 | |||||||
Leske, 200626 | Barbados Eye Study, Barbados | Latin America & Caribbean | Black | 40–70+ | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SS | ✓ | 2070 | 2362 | 12.6 | 0.7 | 1.50 | 0.08 | 1996–2001 | 0 | ||
Chang, 200827 | Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project, USA | North America | 65–86 | 2 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SS | ✓ | 3087 | 1533 | 6.1 | 0.3 | 3.15 | 0.15 | 1995 | 1 | |||||
White | 65–86 | 2 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SS | ✓ | 2365 | 1156 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 2.88 | 0.15 | |||||||||
Black | 65–86 | 2 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SS | ✓ | 722 | 377 | 7.9 | 0.3 | 4.11 | 0.15 | |||||||||
Yasuda, 200928 | Hisayama Study, Japan | Asia | Asian | 40+ | 9 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | ✓ | 1201 | 1391 | 11.9 | 1.7 | 1.41 | 0.19 | 2007 | 1 | |
Coleman, 201029 | Study of Osteoporotic Fractures, USA | North America | 65–85+ | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 1194 | 1710 | 24.1 | 5.7 | 5.52 | 1.17 | 0 | ||||||
White | 74–85+ | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 1033 | 1493 | 25.1 | 6.2 | 5.78 | 1.28 | 1991–93 | ||||||||
Black | 65–85+ | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 161 | 217 | 16.7 | 0.9 | 3.65 | 0.18 | 2002–03 | ||||||||
Choudhury, 201130 | Los Angeles Latino Eye Study, USA | North America | Hispanic | 40–80+ | 4.3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | ✓ | 3547 | 3547 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 2004–07 | 1 | |||
You, 201231 | Beijing Eye Study, China | Asia | Asian | 40–70+ | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IC | ✓ | 3049 | 3049 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 2006 | 0 | ||
Klein, 201332 | Beaver Dam Eye Study, USA | North America | White | 43–84 | 20 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 1913 | 1913 | 17.2 | 4.0 | 0.94 | 0.20 | 2008–10 | 2 | ||||
Jonasson, 201433 | The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study, Iceland | Europe | White | 67+ | 5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 2196 | 2196 | 14.2 | 0.7 | 3.06 | 0.14 | 2007–11 | 1 | ||
Joachim, 201534 | Blue Mountains Eye Study, Australia | Oceania | White | 49+ | 15 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | ✓ | 2036 | 2421 | 22.7 | 6.8 | 1.72 | 0.47 | 2007–09 | 1 | |
Fisher, 201635 | Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, USA | North America | 45–84 | 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 3685 | 3802 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 0.45 | 0.11 | 2008–10 | 0 | |||
White | 45–85 | 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 1486 | 1549 | 4.8 | 1.5 | 0.62 | 0.19 | |||||||
Black | 45–86 | 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 938 | 949 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.20 | 0.01 | |||||||
Hispanic | 45–87 | 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 808 | 841 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 0.38 | 0.06 | |||||||
Asian | 45–88 | 8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | 453 | 463 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 0.51 | 0.16 | |||||||
Founti, 201636 | Thessaloniki Eye Study, Greece | Europe | White | 60+ | 11.6 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IC | ✓ | ✓ | 1078 | 5.4 | 0.48 | 2011–14 | 1 | |||||
Bastawrous, 201737 | Nakuru Eye Disease Cohort Study, Kenya | Africa | Black | 50–80+ | 6 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IC | ✓ | 1282 | 1282 | 15.8 | 0.0 | 2.86 | 0.00 | 2013–14 | 1 | ||
Cheung, 201738 | Singapore Malay Eye Study, Singapore | Asia | Asian | 40–70+ | 6 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | ✓ | 1729 | 1803 | 5.9 | 0.8 | 1.01 | 0.13 | 2010–12 | 0 | |
Foo, 201839 | Singapore Indian Eye Study, Singapore | Asia | Asian | 40+ | 6 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WARM | ✓ | ✓ | 2105 | 2105 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 0.87 | 0.08 | 2013–15 | 1 | |||
Saunier, 201840 | Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et Maladies Oculaires Study, France | Europe | White | 73–80+ | 3.8 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IC | ✓ | ✓ | 659 | 659 | 18.2 | 6.8 | 5.29 | 1.85 | 2010–12 | 1 | |
Farinha, 201941 | Epidemiologic Coimbra Eye Study, Portugal | Europe | White | 55–84+ | 6.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IC | ✓ | ✓ | 1479 | 1607 | 10.7 | 0.8 | 1.74 | 0.12 | 2016–18 | 1 |
EE, eye examination; F, female; FI, fundus imaging; IC, International Classification System; M, male; SS, study specific; WARM, Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System.