Comparison of participant baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by AMD incidence
| Mean±SD or n (%) | P value* | ||||
| Overall n=2251 | No incident AMD n=2139 | Incident early AMD n=101 | Incident late AMD n=11 | ||
| Age (years) | 57.65±8.82 | 57.36±8.66 | 63.12±9.92 | 63.90±10.26 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.82±3.59 | 23.80±3.59 | 24.22±3.72 | 24.12±3.30 | 0.491 |
| Presenting VA in the better eye | 0.17±0.18 | 0.16±0.18 | 0.21±0.17 | 0.17±0.10 | 0.061 |
| Baseline Emotional | 5.55±1.23 | 5.55±1.23 | 5.59±1.14 | 5.53±1.90 | 0.935 |
| Follow-up Emotional | 5.87±1.30 | 5.87±1.29 | 6.01±1.01 | 4.03±3.33 | <0.001 |
| Baseline Mobility | 6.91±1.01 | 6.91±1.00 | 6.90±1.05 | 6.43±2.24 | 0.291 |
| Follow-up Mobility | 6.78±1.68 | 6.78±1.67 | 7.01±1.07 | 4.38±4.59 | <0.001 |
| Baseline Reading | 6.41±1.10 | 6.41±1.09 | 6.41±1.00 | 5.94±1.91 | 0.355 |
| Follow-up Reading | 6.42±1.52 | 6.43±1.51 | 6.59±1.07 | 4.33±3.79 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1157 (51.4) | 1113 (52.0) | 39 (38.6) | 5 (45.5) | 0.029 |
| Primary or below education | 1076 (47.8) | 1007 (47.1) | 61 (60.4) | 8 (72.7) | 0.008 |
| Income <S$2000 | 1444 (64.1) | 1360 (63.6) | 76 (75.2) | 8 (72.7) | 0.048 |
| 3–4 room flat or less | 1287 (57.2) | 1216 (56.9) | 64 (63.4) | 7 (63.6) | 0.397 |
| Current smoker | 290 (12.9) | 272 (12.7) | 16 (15.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0.572 |
| Alcohol use | 251 (11.2) | 243 (11.4) | 7 (6.9) | 1 (9.1) | 0.374 |
| Diabetes | 354 (15.7) | 329 (15.4) | 23 (22.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0.134 |
| Hypertension | 1261 (56.0) | 1183 (55.3) | 70 (69.3) | 8 (72.7) | 0.012 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1026 (45.6) | 971 (45.4) | 50 (49.5) | 5 (45.5) | 0.723 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 122 (5.4) | 114 (5.3) | 7 (6.9) | 1 (9.1) | 0.679 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 107 (4.8) | 94 (4.4) | 12 (11.9) | 1 (9.1) | 0.002 |
| Presence of an eye condition† | 1130 (50.2) | 1064 (49.7) | 61 (60.4) | 5 (45.5) | 0.107 |
Bolded values indicate P<0.05
*Analysis of variance or Χ2 test.
†Eye conditions include cataract, glaucoma, AMD, undercorrected refractive error and retinopathy.
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; BMI, body mass index; VA, visual acuity.