Results of n=380 treatment questionnaires in visual snow syndrome
| Drug category | Total times used N | Total times with no effect n (%) | Total times with improvement n (%) | Total times with worsening n (%) | Therapeutic ratio |
| Antidepressants | 227 | 134 (59%) | 35 (15%) | 58 (26%) | 0.6 |
| SSRIs | 139 | 86 (62%) | 19 (14%) | 34 (24%) | 0.6 |
| Tricyclics | 61 | 35 (57%) | 12 (20%) | 14 (23%) | 0.9 |
| Atypical | 27 | 13 (48%) | 4 (15%) | 10 (37%) | / |
| Recreational drugs and alcohol | 198 | 113 (57%) | 7 (4%) | 78 (39%) | 0.1 |
| Cannabis | 99 | 66 (67%) | 1 (1%) | 32 (32%) | 0.03 |
| Hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin) | 33 | 17 (52%) | 3 (9%) | 13 (39%) | / |
| Stimulants (cocaine, ecstasy) | 30 | 22 (73%) | / | 8 (27%) | / |
| Alcohol | 16 | / | 3 (19%) | 13 (81%) | / |
| Vitamins/nutraceuticals | 168 | 134 (80%) | 26 (15%) | 8 (5%) | 3.3 |
| Antiepileptics | 151 | 81 (54%) | 32 (21%) | 38 (25%) | 0.8 |
| Topiramate | 40 | 22 (55%) | 7 (18%) | 11 (28%) | / |
| Lamotrigine | 34 | 15 (44%) | 7 (21%) | 12 (35%) | / |
| Gabapentin | 31 | 19 (61%) | 6 (19%) | 6 (19%) | / |
| Valproic acid | 19 | 14 (74%) | 2 (11%) | 3 (16%) | / |
| Pregabalin | 17 | 7 (41%) | 7 (41%) | 3 (18%) | / |
| Antibiotics/antifungals | 141 | 122 (87%) | 3 (2%) | 16 (11%) | / |
| Benzodiazepines/hypnotics | 124 | 63 (51%) | 38 (31%) | 23 (19%) | 1.7 |
| Others (caffeine, contraceptives, etc.) | 93 | 59 (63%) | 9 (10%) | 26 (28%) | 0.3 |
| Pain medication | 81 | 59 (73%) | 9 (11%) | 13 (16%) | 0.7 |
| NSAIDs | 44 | 34 (77%) | 5 (11%) | 5 (11%) | / |
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen | 21 | 18 (86%) | 2 (10%) | 1 (5%) | / |
| Opioids | 16 | 7 (44%) | 2 (13%) | 7 (44%) | / |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 68 | 47 (69%) | 13 (19%) | 8 (12%) | 1.6 |
| Steroids | 45 | 29 (64%) | 5 (11%) | 11 (24%) | / |
| Triptans | 30 | 20 (67%) | 7 (23%) | 3 (10%) | / |
| ADHD medication (amphetamine-type, atomoxetine, methylphenidate) | 26 | 12 (46%) | 4 (15%) | 10 (38%) | / |
| Antihistamines/decongestants | 18 | 13 (72%) | 1 (6%) | 4 (22%) | / |
| Antipsychotics | 10 | 3 (30%) | / | 7 (70%) | / |
| Nausea/dizziness medication | 8 | 4 (50%) | 1 (13%) | 1 (13%) | / |
Drug categories are ordered by total reported number of times used in the past. Therapeutic ratio is measured as number of reported improvements/number of reported worsenings; it is shown only for drugs for which number of reported improvement + number of reported worsening ≥20.
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.