Frequencies and conditional logistic regression model estimating associations of diseases with keratoconus compared with matched controls of the Achmea Health Database
| OR (95% CI) | P values | Keratoconus cases, no. (%) | Controls, no. (%) | |
| IMIDs and atopic diseases | ||||
| Allergic rash | 3.00 (1.03 to 8.79) | 0.045 | 5 (0.2) | 10 (0.1) |
| Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | 2.89 (1.41 to 5.94) | 0.004 | 11 (0.5) | 23 (0.2) |
| Asthma/BHR | 2.51 (1.63 to 3.84) | 2.50×10–5 | 30 (1.5) | 74 (0.6) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 2.42 (1.06 to 5.49) | 0.035 | 8 (0.4) | 20 (0.2) |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 2.22 (0.71 to 6.97) | 0.173 | 4 (0.2) | 11 (0.1) |
| Inflammatory skin conditions* | 2.20 (1.37 to 3.53) | 0.001 | 24 (1.2) | 66 (0.5) |
| Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis | 1.60 (0.89 to 2.89) | 0.116 | 14 (0.7) | 53 (0.3) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.60 (0.85 to 3.03) | 0.149 | 12 (0.6) | 46 (0.4) |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.46 (0.54 to 3.86) | 0.463 | 5 (0.2) | 21 (0.2) |
| Crohn’s Disease | 0.94 (0.33 to 2.70) | 0.942 | 4 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) |
| Graves’ disease | 0.92 (0.21 to 4.07) | 0.910 | 2 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) |
| Multiple sclerosis | 0.63 (0.15 to 2.72) | 0.538 | 2 (0.1) | 19 (0.2) |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.59 (0.76 to 4.62) | 0.617 | 1 (0.0) | 10 (0.1) |
| Sarcoidosis | 0.42 (0.06 to 3.16) | 0.396 | 1 (0.0) | 15 (0.1) |
| Other diseases | ||||
| Obstructive sleep apnoea | 2.33 (1.12 to 4.83) | 0.023 | 10 (0.5) | 26 (0.2) |
Univariate analysis with adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status and urbanisation status. An uncorrected analysis of disease associations did not materially differ from presented outcomes above (data not shown). Bold values represent statistically significant outcomes.
*Inflammatory skin conditions include contact dermatitis, hives/urticaria and other non-specified inflammatory dermatoses.
BHR, bronchial hyperresponsiveness; IMIDs, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.