Baseline characteristics of the analysis sample with data on refractive error change in phakic eyes
| Characteristics | Total | Males | Females |
| n | 10 175 | 5243 | 4932 |
| Sex (female) | 48.5% | – | – |
| Age (years) | 53.5 (±10.5) | 53.7 (±10.6) | 53.2 (±10.4) |
| Ocular parameters (right eyes) | |||
| Sphere (D) | 0 (−1.00; 1.00) | 0 (−1.00; 1.00) | 0 (−1.00; 1.00) |
| Cylinder (D) | −0.50 (−0.75; 0) | −0.50 (−0.75; −0.25) | −0.50 (−0.75; 0) |
| Spherical equivalent (D) | −0.12 (−1.25; 0.75) | −0.12 (−1.25; 0.75) | −0.12 (−1.12; 0.88) |
| IOP (mm Hg) | 14.10 (±2.78) | 14.16 (±2.86) | 14.03 (±2.68) |
| Ocular parameters (left eyes) | |||
| Sphere (D) | 0 (−1.00; 1.00) | 0 (−1.00; 1.00) | 0 (−1.00; 1.00) |
| Cylinder (D) | −0.50 (−0.75; 0) | −0.50 (−0.75; 0) | −0.25 (−0.75; 0) |
| Spherical equivalent (D) | −0.12 (−1.25; 0.75) | −0.12 (−1.25; 0.75) | 0 (−1.25; 0.88) |
| IOP (mm Hg) | 14.25 (±2.83) | 14.37 (±2.91) | 14.11 (±2.72) |
| Ocular diseases | |||
| Cataract (slitlamp examination) OD | 25.2% | 24.8% | 25.5% |
| Cataract (slitlamp examination) OS | 23.8% | 23.2% | 24.4% |
| Cardiovascular risk profile | |||
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 46.5% | 40.1% | 53.4% |
| Former smoker | 34.9% | 40.2% | 29.2% |
| Occasional smoker | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.5% |
| Smoker | 17.0% | 18.0% | 16.0% |
| Obesity (yes) | 23.2% | 24.6% | 21.8% |
| Diabetes (yes) | 6.9% | 8.6% | 5.0% |
| Dyslipidaemia (yes) | 32.4% | 41.2% | 23.1% |
| Hypertension (yes) | 46.3% | 51.9% | 40.3% |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.4 (23.8; 29.7) | 27.1 (24.8; 29.9) | 25.4 (22.6; 29.2) |
| Physical activity (minutes×intensity/week) | 7701.3 (±3909.0) | 7772.5 (±4231.5) | 7621.2 (±3510.1) |
| Laboratory measures | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (5.2; 5.8) | 5.5 (5.2; 5.8) | 5.4 (5.2; 5.7) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.5 (±15.5) | 50.4 (±12.0) | 65.0 (±15.2) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 139.0 (±35.0) | 139.5 (±34.5) | 138.5 (±35.5) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 103.0 (77.0; 144.0) | 116.0 (85.4; 162.0) | 93.0 (70.4; 124.0) |
| Education | |||
| Secondary gerneral school (‘Hauptschule’) | 34.9% | 35.7% | 34.2% |
| Intermediate school (‘Realschule’) | 23.6% | 18.0% | 29.6% |
| High school (‘Abitur’) | 40.5% | 45.6% | 35.2% |
| Others | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.6% |
| None | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.5% |
| Occupation | |||
| Housemaker, retried or none | 35.9% | 30.1% | 42.2% |
| Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and horticulture | 2.0% | 2.9% | 1.0% |
| Production and manufacturing | 8.7% | 14.5% | 2.5% |
| Construction and architecture | 3.2% | 5.7% | 0.5% |
| Natural and computer science | 4.6% | 7.3% | 1.8% |
| Transport, logistics, security and military | 5.2% | 7.8% | 2.5% |
| Commercial services and tourism | 6.3% | 5.6% | 7.0% |
| Business organisation, accounting, law and administration | 18.9% | 15.9% | 22.1% |
| Health and education | 12.2% | 7.2% | 17.6% |
| Humanities, media and culture | 2.9% | 3.0% | 2.9% |
Data from the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (2007–2017). Analysis sample included 10 175 subjects (9978 right eyes and 9952 left eyes).
Mean±SD are shown for normally distributed parameters, and median and IQR are shown for not normally distributed parameters.
HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobine; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; IOP, intraocular pressure; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; OD, Oculus dexter; OS, Oculus sinister.