Association between retinal age gap with specific-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression models
| Retinal age gap | CVD-specific | Cancer-specific | Non-CVD/non-cancer | |||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Retinal age gap, per one age (yrs) | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.04) | 0.704 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.03) | 0.146 | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.05) | 0.041 |
| Retinal age gap | ||||||
| Quantile 1 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Quantile 2 | 1.11 (0.81 to 1.52) | 0.502 | 1.10 (0.92 to 1.31) | 0.309 | 0.92 (0.71 to 1.19) | 0.516 |
| Quantile 3 | 1.00 (0.68 to 1.48) | 0.996 | 1.14 (0.92 to 1.40) | 0.222 | 1.49 (1.13 to 1.96) | 0.005 |
| Quantile 4 | 1.21 (0.74 to 1.98) | 0.450 | 1.24 (0.95 to 1.63) | 0.118 | 1.67 (1.17 to 2.39) | 0.005 |
| Trending | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.21) | 0.591 | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.16) | 0.099 | 1.21 (1.08 to 1.35) | 0.001 |
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and Townsend deprivation indices.
Model 2 adjusted for covariates in Model I + educational level, smoking status, physical activity level, general health status, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, history of heart diseases and history of stroke.
CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio.