Cox proportional hazards models for incident CSD by hyperopia
| Incident CSD | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Refractive status | ||||
| Emmetropia | 1 (Reference) | – | 1 (Reference) | – |
| Myopia | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.05) | 0.212 | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.17) | 0.967 |
| Hyperopia | 1.34 (1.12 to 1.60) | 0.001 | 1.29 (1.05 to 1.59) | 0.015 |
| Degrees of hyperopia | ||||
| Emmetropia | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Mild hyperopia | 1.07 (0.73 to 1.56) | 0.730 | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.77) | 0.450 |
| Moderate hyperopia | 1.35 (1.11 to 1.65) | 0.003 | 1.28 (1.01 to 1.61) | 0.034 |
| High hyperopia | 1.66 (1.13 to 2.43) | 0.009 | 1.53 (0.99 to 2.37) | 0.058 |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.009 | ||
| Wearing glasses for hyperopia | ||||
| Emmetropia | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Wearing hyperopic glasses | 1.32 (1.05 to 1.65) | 0.023 | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.60) | 0.144 |
| No hyperopic glasses | 1.36 (1.10 to 1.70) | 0.006 | 1.38 (1.07 to 1.76) | 0.011 |
The degrees of hyperopia were classified as mild (+ 2.00 D ≤MSE < + 2.25 D), moderate (+ 2.25 D ≤MSE < + 5.25 D) and high (MSE≥ + 5.25 D). We used Cox proportional hazards regression for the incident depression. Model 1 was adjusted for age and gender. Model 2 additionally adjusted for risk factors shared between hyperopia and CSD, including ethnicity, smoking status, education level, Townsend index, family history of severe depression, physical activity level, visual impairment and comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia).
CSD, clinically significant depression; MSE, mean spherical equivalent.