Incidence of diabetic retinopathy progression by different risk factors
| At risk (n) | Incidence, % (95% CI) | Age, sex-adjusted RR (95% CI) | P value | Multivariate RR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years) | – | – | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.00) | 0.03 | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.01) | 0.13 |
| Sex* | ||||||
| Male | 253 | 24.5 (19.2 to 29.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 377 | 28.3 (23.7 to 32.8) | 0.81 (0.57 to 1.14) | 0.22 | 1.09 (0.75 to 1.60) | 0.65 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <10 | 294 | 11.6 (7.9 to 15.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 10–15 | 176 | 16.5 (11.0 to 22.0) | 1.38 (0.87 to 2.18) | 0.17 | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.08) | 0.44 |
| ≥15 | 158 | 27.2 (20.3 to 34.2) | 2.17 (1.44 to 3.28) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.00 to 3.00) | 0.049 |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||
| <7 | 183 | 12.0 (7.3 to 16.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 7–9 | 239 | 13.8 (9.4 to 18.2) | 1.09 (0.66 to 1.81) | 0.72 | 0.82 (0.48 to 1.41) | 0.47 |
| ≥9 | 205 | 24.9 (19.0 to 30.8) | 1.89 (1.20 to 2.99) | 0.006 | 1.30 (0.74 to 2.29) | 0.37 |
| Income level | ||||||
| Low | 253 | 21.3 (16.3 to 26.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Moderate | 342 | 12.9 (9.3 to 16.4) | 0.66 (0.45 to 0.95) | 0.03 | 0.76 (0.53 to 1.10) | 0.15 |
| High | 20 | 15.0 (−0.6 to 30.6) | 0.80 (0.28 to 2.34) | 0.69 | 1.17 (0.41 to 3.32) | 0.77 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | – | – | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.07 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.01 |
| Proteinuria | ||||||
| No | 381 | 15.0 (11.4 to 18.5) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 247 | 20.2 (15.2 to 25.3) | 1.34 (0.95 to 1.88) | 0.10 | 1.18 (0.83 to 1.68) | 0.36 |
| CRAE (μm) | ||||||
| <140 | 223 | 13.9 (9.4 to 18.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 140–150 | 158 | 17.7 (11.8 to 23.7) | 1.29 (0.81 to 2.06) | 0.28 | 1.13 (0.70 to 1.84) | 0.61 |
| ≥150 | 244 | 19.7 (14.7 to 24.7) | 1.50 (0.99 to 2.27) | 0.06 | 1.38 (0.90 to 2.11) | 0.14 |
| CRVE (μm) | ||||||
| <210 | 103 | 9.7 (4.0 to 15.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 210–250 | 337 | 15.7 (11.8 to 19.6) | 1.54 (0.81 to 2.91) | 0.18 | 1.43 (0.73 to 2.81) | 0.30 |
| ≥250 | 185 | 23.8 (17.6 to 29.9) | 2.28 (1.21 to 4.33) | 0.01 | 2.00 (1.02 to 3.96) | 0.045 |
| Total† | 630 | 26.8 (24.8 to 28.8) | – | – | – | – |
Bold values denote p<0.05.
*Age-standardised prevalence.
†Age and sex-standardised prevalence. Both were standardised to the year 2010 China population census data.
CRAE, central retinal artery equivalent; CRVE, central retinal vein equivalent; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; RR, relative risk.