Incidence of diabetic retinopathy regression by different risk factors
| At risk (n) | Incidence, % (95% CI) | Age, sex-adjusted RR (95% CI) | P value | Multivariate RR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years) | – | – | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05) | 0.001 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.52 |
| Sex* | ||||||
| Male | 253 | 9.2 (5.7 to 12.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 377 | 10.5 (7.4 to 13.6) | 1.13 (0.80 to 1.60) | 0.49 | 0.97 (0.68 to 1.37) | 0.86 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | – | – | 0.97 (0.95 to 1.00) | 0.03 | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 0.42 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | – | – | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) | 0.06 | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.03) | 0.33 |
| HbA1c (%) | – | – | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.01) | 0.08 | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.08) | 0.56 |
| Insulin | ||||||
| No | 394 | 22.1 (18.0 to 26.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 225 | 12.0 (7.8 to 16.2) | 0.58 (0.39 to 0.87) | 0.008 | 0.64 (0.43 to 0.97) | 0.04 |
| Education | ||||||
| Primary or lower | 92 | 37.0 (27.1 to 46.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Middle/high school | 444 | 14.4 (11.1 to 17.7) | 0.44 (0.29 to 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.31 to 0.69) | <0.001 |
| College and above | 85 | 18.8 (10.5 to 27.1) | 0.55 (0.31 to 0.98) | 0.04 | 0.59 (0.34 to 1.03) | 0.07 |
| CRAE (10 µm) | – | – | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.24) | 0.04 | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.26) | 0.02 |
| Total† | 630 | 10.0 (8.6 to 11.3) | – | – | – | – |
Bold values denote p<0.05.
*Age-standardised prevalence.
†Age and sex-standardised prevalence. Both were standardised to the year 2010 China population census data.
CRAE, central retinal artery equivalent; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; RR, relative risk.