Regular articleINCREASED SERUM IL-6 AND IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST CONCENTRATIONS IN MAJOR DEPRESSION AND TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION
Abstract
There is now some evidence that major depression is accompanied by an immune response with an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1(IL-1), IL-6 and interferon γ (IFN-γ). The aims of the present study were to examine serum IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-6R, Clara cell protein (CC16) and the soluble CD8 (sCD8) molecule in chronic, treatment resistant depression (TRD) both before and after subchronic treatment with antidepressants. Serum IL-6 and IL-1Ra were significantly higher in subjects with major depression and TRD than in normal controls. Subchronic treatment with antidepressants had no significant effects on serum IL-6, IL-1Ra, CC16 or sCD8, but reduced serum sIL-6R levels significantly. There were significant and positive correlations between serum IL-6, on the one hand, and sIL-6R, IL-1Ra, sCD8, number of peripheral blood leukocytes, neutrophils, CD2+T and CD19+B cells (all positive) and serum zinc (negative), on the other. These results suggest that: (1) major depression and TRD are accompanied by an activation of the monocytic arm of cell-mediated immunity; (2) the latter may be related to the immune an acute phase response in major depression; and (3) the above disorders may persist despite successful antidepressive treatment.
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Five databases from establishment through May 2022 were searched. Stata SE 15.1 was used for the data analysis. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the heterogeneity of pooled studies.
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All of the included studies were published in Chinese and English, causing a degree of selection bias.
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Change in complement C3, IL-1Ra, IL-8/CXCL8, and ICAM-1 may be associated with greater change in depressive scores following adjunctive minocycline treatment in MDD. Further investigations are needed to assess the utility of these biomarkers.
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Correspondence to: Michael Maes, Director CRC-MH, University Department of Psychiatry, AZ Stuivenberg, 267 Lange Beeldekensstraat, 2060 Antwerp, Belgium