Prescribing cylinders: The problem of distortion

doi:10.1016/0039-6257(77)90054-6

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volume 22, Issue 3, November–December 1977, Pages 177-188

https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6257(77)90054-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

Astigmatic spectacle corrections produce distortion of retinal images. Under binocular conditions, small amounts of monocular distortion may significantly alter the sense of spatial localization, producing symptomatic binocular distortion. From examination of the nature and sources of monocular distortion, a rational basis may be developed for methods to minimize distortion when necessary. Adaptation to distortion occurs both by interpretive and physiological mechanisms, with the physiological mechanism appearing to be a type of rotational anomalous retinal correspondence. Through better knowledge of distortion and adaptive mechanisms, a revised set of practical guidelines for prescribing cylinders is presented.

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Meridional aniseikonia—causes, symptoms, and therapies
2021, Journal of AAPOS
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We report 3 cases of astigmatic aniseikonia from meridional magnification changes, resulting in binocular spatial distortion without diplopia. In our patients, this phenomenon was caused primarily by a change in the spectacle correction of the astigmatism to which the patient had previously adapted, explainable by analysis of the stereoscopic distortion from meridional magnification by the new cylindrical lenses.2,5,6 Aniseikonia is the condition of the brain's receiving different image sizes or shapes from the two eyes.
The term aniseikonia refers to the two eyes’ appreciating different image sizes when viewing the same object. Meridional aniseikonia can occasionally cause significant distortion of the binocular spatial sense in perceptive patients.
The medical records of 3 adult patients who complained of binocular spatial distortion consistent with meridional aniseikonia were reviewed retrospectively. Detailed descriptions of symptoms, ocular findings, and management are reported.
Each patient had undergone a refraction-altering surgical procedure, and each complained of binocular spatial distortion characterized by a trapezoidal view of square or rectangular shapes. Each patient improved following management of the astigmatic correction.
Patients requiring a new astigmatic correction following cataract or corneal surgery may complain of binocular spatial distortion caused by meridional aniseikonia.
Enantiomorphism and rule similarity in the astigmatism axes of fellow eyes: A population-based study
2019, Journal of Optometry
Citation Excerpt :
Symmetry and being isorule is important in the clinical management and prescribing glasses to cases of astigmatism as well. Given their meridional magnification effect, cylindrical glasses can cause spatial distortions and consequently asthenopia and headaches for patients.45 Such spatial distortions become more disturbing when the axes in fellow eyes deviate from the 180 and 90 symmetric position and in fact become anisorule and asymmetric.46
To evaluate the relationship patterns between astigmatism axes of fellow eyes (rule similarity and symmetry) and to determine the prevalence of each pattern in the studied population.
This population-based study was conducted in 2015 in Iran. All participants had tests for visual acuity, objective refraction, subjective refraction (if cooperative), and assessment of eye health at the slit-lamp. Axis symmetry was based on two different patterns: direct (equal axes) and mirror (mirror image symmetry) or enantiomorphism. Bilateral astigmatism was classified as isorule if fellow eyes had the same orientation (e.g. both eyes were with-the-rule) and as anisorule if otherwise.
Of the total cases of bilateral astigmatism, 80% were isorule, and in the studied population, the prevalence of isorule and anisorule astigmatism was 14.89% and 3.53%, respectively. The prevalence of isorule increased with age (p < 0.001). The prevalence of both isorule and anisorule increased at higher degrees of spherical ametropia (p < 0.001). Median inter-ocular axis difference was 10° in mirror symmetry and 20° in direct symmetry with no significant difference between two genders (p > 0.288). Both symmetry patterns reduced with age (p < 0.001). Among cases of bilateral astigmatism, 15.5% and 19.8% had exact direct and mirror symmetry, respectively.
Bilateral astigmatism is mainly isorule in the population and anisorule astigmatism is rare. The enantiomorphism is the most common pattern in the population of bilateral astigmatism.
Evaluar los patrones de la relación entre los ejes del astigmatismo en ojos contralaterales (similitud de la regla y simetría), y determinar la prevalencia de cada patrón en la población estudiada.
Este estudio poblacional se llevó a cabo en Irán en 2015. A todos los participantes se les realizaron pruebas de agudeza visual, refracción objetiva, refracción subjetiva (de cooperar el paciente), y valoración de la salud ocular con lámpara de hendidura. La simetría axial se basó en dos patrones diferentes: directo (ejes iguales) y especular (simetría de imagen especular) o enantiomorfismo. El astigmatismo bilateral se clasificó como directo si los ojos contralaterales tenían la misma orientación (ej.: ambos ojos estaban a favor de la regla) e inverso en caso contrario.
Del total de casos de astigmatismo bilateral, el 80% eran a favor de la regla, y en la población estudiada la prevalencia del astigmatismo a favor de la regla y en contra de la regla fue del 14,89% y el 3,53%, respectivamente. La prevalencia del astigmatismo a favor de la regla se incrementó con la edad (p<0,001). La prevalencia del astigmatismo a favor de la regla y en contra de la regla se incrementó al aumentar los grados de ametropía esférica (p<0,001). La diferencia media del eje inter-ocular fue de 10 grados en la simetría especular y de 20 grados en la simetría directa, sin diferencia significativa entre ambos sexos (p>0,288). Ambos patrones de simetría se redujeron con la edad (p<0,001). Entre los casos de astigmatismo bilateral, en el 15,5% y el 19,8% se observaron simetría directa exacta y especular, respectivamente.
En la población, el astigmatismo bilateral es principalmente a favor de la regla, siendo infrecuente el astigmatismo en contra de la regla. El enantiomorfismo es el patrón más común en la población con astigmatismo bilateral.
Dioptric differences between clinically determined and metric-optimised refractions for adults with Down syndrome
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Do limbal relaxing incisions during cataract surgery still have a role?
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What are the causes of non-tolerance to new spectacles and how can they be avoided?
2022, Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics

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View full text

Prescribing cylinders: The problem of distortion

Abstract

Am J Ophthalmol

Am J Ophthalmol

Br J Physiol Optics

To the editor

Near point binocular problems — astigmatism and cyclophoria

Ophthalmic Optician

Near point binocular problems — astigmatism and cyclophoria

Ophthalmic Optician

Aniseikonia and space perception — after 50 years

Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom

Visual optics

Influence of prolonged wearing of meridional size lenses on spatial localization

Arch Ophthalmol

Meridional aniseikonia at oblique axes

Arch Ophthalmol

Symposium on conventional wisdom in optometry

Stereopsis and the spatial effect of oblique-axis cylinders

Binocular astigmatism

Am J Ophthalmol

A new and remarkably sensitive test for astigmatism

Br J Physiol Optics

The effect of axis errors on prescription comfort

Optician

Discussion of “A study of astigmatism at the near point with special reference to astigmatic accommodation” by RE Bannon

Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom

Patient preference for cylinder location in spectacle lenses

Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom

Acceptance of weak cylinders at paradoxic axes

Arch Ophthalmol

Geometrical Optics