Breakdown of the blood-retinal barriers and cystoid macular edema☆
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Cited by (98)
Non-vasogenic cystoid maculopathies
2022, Progress in Retinal and Eye ResearchCitation Excerpt :The ILM does not constitute a sufficient barrier against the infiltration of fluid in the retinal tissue (Marmor, 1999). Thus, vitreous water tends to percolate through the retina, a phenomenon driven by two forces, the intraocular pressure and the choroidal osmotic pressure (Cunha-Vaz and Travassos, 1984; Marmor, 1999). It has been shown that there is a rapid turnover of water molecules in the vitreous and that most of the vitreal water is eliminated by the choroidal vasculature.
Functional outcome of macular edema in different retinal disorders
2015, Progress in Retinal and Eye ResearchCitation Excerpt :Macular edema is defined as an accumulation of fluid in the outer plexiform and inner nuclear layers around the fovea (Cunha-Vaz and Travassos, 1984).
Phenotypes and biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy
2014, Progress in Retinal and Eye ResearchCitation Excerpt :This type of edema is characterized by its reversibility if addressed in its initial stages. When there is a situation of breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, the Starling law governing the movements of fluids applies as we have suggested for the first time (Cunha-Vaz and Travassos, 1984). With an open blood-retinal barrier, any change in the equilibrium between hydrostatic, oncotic and osmotic pressure gradients across the retinal vessels contribute to further water movements and may result in increased edema formation.
Molecular basis of the inner blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown in diabetic macular edema and other pathological conditions
2013, Progress in Retinal and Eye ResearchIschemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion
2018, Survey of OphthalmologyCitation Excerpt :Increased levels of serum albumin in the aqueous humor have been detected in iCRVO, reflecting the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier.32 Fluid accumulates in the extracellular spaces within the retina disrupting its normal anatomy and possibly leading to retinal neural degeneration by mechanical compression.62,147,249,305 Chronic macular edema may damage glial (Müller) and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, further reducing retinal fluid clearance.34,35,249
OCT-Leakage Mapping: A New Automated Method of OCT Data Analysis to Identify and Locate Abnormal Fluid in Retinal Edema
2017, Ophthalmology RetinaCitation Excerpt :With well-identified and recognized alterations of the inner BRB, we examined eyes with diabetic macular edema, edema after retinal vein occlusion, macular telangiectasia, and Irvine-Gass syndrome, all of which showed well-defined involvement of the inner retinal layers. The amount of fluid normally present in the retina is maintained according to the osmotic and hydrostatic pressure between the retina and the surrounding vasculature, which are compartmentalized by the BRB following Starlings's law.13 A breakdown in the inner BRB allows fluid to accumulate within the retina.
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This work was supported in part by Core grant EY 1972 from the National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, and by Centro de Oftalmologia da Universidade de Coimbra, INIC, Portugal.