Original articleRefractive Errors and Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Section snippets
Eligibility Criteria
We included studies if they were population-based, reported refractive error as an independent variable, and reported AMD or early AMD as the outcome measure. “Population-based” pertains to a general population defined by geopolitical boundaries; this population is the sampling frame.9 We only included studies in which AMD was assessed from fundus photographs based on standardized protocols, such as the Wisconsin grading system10 or the International AMD Classification.11 Furthermore, we
Results
We identified 751 unique titles and abstracts, from which we retrieved 28 full text articles for review. We included 6 population-based cross-sectional studies6, 15, 20, 21 (including the Singapore Indian Eye Study) and 3 cohort studies7, 8, 21 in this review (Fig 1).
Characteristics of the 6 cross-sectional and 3 cohort studies included in the meta-analysis are summarized in Table 1. Among the 6 cross-sectional studies, 4 were conducted in Asia, 1 was conducted in Australia, and the remaining 1
Discussion
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that refractive error, when analyzed as a continuous variable for each diopter toward hyperopia, is associated with both prevalent and incident AMD on the basis of 5 cross-sectional and 2 cohort studies (Table 4). When considering categorized analyses, data from 6 cross-sectional studies showed that hyperopic eyes are associated with higher odds, whereas myopic eyes are associated with lower odds of prevalent AMD compared with emmetropic
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the Central India Eye and Medical Study Group for sharing their dataset.
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2022, Journal of OptometryCitation Excerpt :Other refractive errors can also impact ocular health. Hyperopia is a known risk factor for angle closure,6 age-related macular degeneration,3 amblyopia and strabismus.7 Astigmatism can lead to significant decreases in visual acuity, visual comfort, quality of life and independence if uncorrected,8,9 while anisometropia is associated with reduced binocular function and stereoacuity10 and can lead to amblyopia if uncorrected in children.11
Refractive Error Has Minimal Influence on the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Mendelian Randomization Study
2019, American Journal of OphthalmologyCitation Excerpt :A meta-analysis carried out by Pan and associates 14 suggested that each 1 D of increase in hyperopia is associated with a 6%-9% increased risk of AMD based on pooled responses across 2 cohort and 5 cross-sectional studies. A further meta-analysis by Li and associates,15 using largely overlapping study samples as did Pan and associates,14 perhaps unsurprisingly found a similarly increased risk of 6%-10% per diopter increase in hyperopia. Both figures are consistent with the upper estimate found in the present analyses of an approximately 8%-10% increased risk of AMD per diopter of hyperopia.
Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Multi-Ethnic United States Population the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
2016, OphthalmologyCitation Excerpt :After adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, we found few associations that were statistically significant. These included relationships between current smoking and hyperopia, both of which were previously reported as important factors associated with AMD.19,49 The nonstatistically significant but elevated OR associated with astigmatism in the multivariable model deserves further consideration in subsequent studies, particularly because participants in this study were significantly less likely to have astigmatism compared with those at baseline who did not contribute follow-up data.
Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
This study was funded by the Biomedical Research Council, 08/1/35/19/550, and National Medical Research Council, STaR/0003/2008, Singapore.