Original articlePrediction of Age-related Macular Degeneration in the General Population: The Three Continent AMD Consortium
Section snippets
Methods
For this article, we followed the guidelines for genetic risk prediction studies.30
Results
In total, 363 participants developed incident late AMD during a median follow-up time of 11.1 years (IQR, 11.0), of whom 132 were in the RS (follow-up 10.7 years; IQR, 12.8), 153 were in the BDES (follow-up 15.6 years; IQR, 10.4), and 78 were in the BMES (follow-up 11.8 years; IQR, 5.6). Incidence rates for the 3 studies were 2.89, 2.96, and 3.66 per 1000 person-years for the RS, BDES, and BMES, respectively. The distribution of demographic characteristics and environmental risk factors
Discussion
In 3 independent population-based studies from 3 continents, we investigated all well-known genetic and nongenetic risk factors for AMD. We found that the best prediction for late AMD was based on age, sex, 26 genetic variants, 2 environmental variables, and early AMD phenotype. The accuracy of a prediction model including all these variables was 0.88 in the RS. Because similar risk estimates were found in the BDES and BMES, the model proved to be well generalizable to people of Caucasian
Acknowledgments
The RS investigators thank Ada Hooghart and Corina Brussee for their effort in data collection and grading of the fundus photographs. The BDES investigators thank Nancy Barrett, MS, Barbara Budig, BS, Holly Cohn, MFA, Shirley Craanen, BS, Andrew Ewen, BS, Ellen Hall, BA, Carol Hoyer, BS, Anne Mosher, BS, and Maria Swift, BS, for their efforts in data collection and grading of fundus photographs. The BMES investigators would like to thank the members of the BMES Genome-Wide Association Study
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2023, Ophthalmology Science
Group members listed online in Appendix 1 (http://aaojournal.org).
Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Funding/support: The RS was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, the Hague; Swart van Essen, Rotterdam; Bevordering van Volkskracht, Rotterdam; Rotterdamse Blindenbelangen Association, Rotterdam; Algemene Nederlandse Vereniging ter Voorkoming van Blindheid, Doorn, The Netherlands; Oogfonds Nederland, Utrecht; MDFonds, Utrecht; Vereniging Trustfonds Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Lijf en Leven, Krimpen aan de IJssel, The Netherlands. An unrestricted grant was obtained from Topcon Europe BV, Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands. The BDES was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant EY06594 (B.E.K.K. and R.K.) and, in part, by Research to Prevent Blindness (RPB) (B.E.K.K. and R.K., Senior Scientific Investigator Awards), New York, New York. The National Eye Institute provided funding for the entire study, including collection and analyses of data; RPB provided additional support for data analyses. The content of this report is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of the National Eye Institute or the National Institutes of Health. The BMES was supported by the Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Canberra, Australia (NHMRC project Grant IDs 974159, 211069, 302068), and Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Translational Clinical Research in Eye Diseases (grant ID 529923). The BMES Genome-Wide Association Study and genotyping costs were supported by the Australian NHMRC, Canberra Australia (NHMRC project Grant IDs 512423, 475604, and 529912), and the Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom, as part of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (A. Viswanathan, P. McGuffin, P. Mitchell, F. Topouzis, P. Foster, grant IDs 085475/B/08/Z and 085475/08/Z). J.J.W. is funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council Senior Research Fellowship (Grant ID 358702, 2005–2009, and ID 632909, 2010–2014). The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Group members of the BMES Genome-Wide Association Study team and the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 are listed online in Appendix 1 (available at http://aaojournal.org).
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J.J.W., R.K., and C.C.W.K. contributed equally.