Lysosomal multienzyme complex: pros and cons of working together

Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Jun;71(11):2017-32. doi: 10.1007/s00018-013-1538-3. Epub 2013 Dec 15.

Abstract

The ubiquitous distribution of lysosomes and their heterogeneous protein composition reflects the versatility of these organelles in maintaining cell homeostasis and their importance in tissue differentiation and remodeling. In lysosomes, the degradation of complex, macromolecular substrates requires the synergistic action of multiple hydrolases that usually work in a stepwise fashion. This catalytic machinery explains the existence of lysosomal enzyme complexes that can be dynamically assembled and disassembled to efficiently and quickly adapt to the pool of substrates to be processed or degraded, adding extra tiers to the regulation of the individual protein components. An example of such a complex is the one composed of three hydrolases that are ubiquitously but differentially expressed: the serine carboxypeptidase, protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA), the sialidase, neuraminidase-1 (NEU1), and the glycosidase β-galactosidase (β-GAL). Next to this 'core' complex, the existence of sub-complexes, which may contain additional components, and function at the cell surface or extracellularly, suggests as yet unexplored functions of these enzymes. Here we review how studies of basic biological processes in the mouse models of three lysosomal storage disorders, galactosialidosis, sialidosis, and GM1-gangliosidosis, revealed new and unexpected roles for the three respective affected enzymes, Ppca, Neu1, and β-Gal, that go beyond their canonical degradative activities. These findings have broadened our perspective on their functions and may pave the way for the development of new therapies for these lysosomal storage disorders.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cathepsin A / genetics
  • Cathepsin A / metabolism*
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Gangliosidosis, GM1 / enzymology*
  • Gangliosidosis, GM1 / genetics
  • Gangliosidosis, GM1 / pathology
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Humans
  • Lysosomal Storage Diseases / enzymology*
  • Lysosomal Storage Diseases / genetics
  • Lysosomal Storage Diseases / pathology
  • Lysosomes / enzymology*
  • Lysosomes / genetics
  • Lysosomes / pathology
  • Mice
  • Mice, Knockout
  • Mucolipidoses / enzymology*
  • Mucolipidoses / genetics
  • Mucolipidoses / pathology
  • Multienzyme Complexes / genetics
  • Multienzyme Complexes / metabolism
  • Neuraminidase / genetics
  • Neuraminidase / metabolism*
  • Signal Transduction
  • beta-Galactosidase / genetics
  • beta-Galactosidase / metabolism*

Substances

  • Multienzyme Complexes
  • Neu1 protein, mouse
  • Neuraminidase
  • beta-Galactosidase
  • CTSA protein, mouse
  • Cathepsin A

Supplementary concepts

  • Neuraminidase deficiency with beta-galactosidase deficiency