Pupil studies in blind patients may give new insights into the function of the pupillary system.
Testing for sleepiness by means of pupillography might be used more frequently. Testing for …

Toxic optic neuropathy (TON) is caused by the damage to the optic nerve through different
toxins, including drugs, metals, organic solvents, methanol and carbon dioxide. A similar …

Background Typical optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis
(MS). Its incidence in central Europe is 5 cases per 100 000 persons per year. Methods This …

1. To study the relationship between accommodation under natural viewing conditions, age
and refractive errors, we have measured time courses of accommodation in thirty‐nine …

Spontaneous pupillary behaviour in darkness provides information about a subject's level of
vigilance. To establish infrared video pupillography (IVP) as a reliable and objective test in …

Spontaneous pupillary behavior in darkness provides information about a subject's level of
sleepiness. In the present work, pupil measurements in complete darkness and quiet have …

Pupil size is regulated exclusively by the autonomic nervous system, and in darkness is
proportional to the level of central sympathetic tone. Spontaneous pupillary movements …

Purpose Photorefraction is a convenient way to determine refractive state from a distance. It
is, therefore, useful for measuring infants and noncooperative subjects. However, its …

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …

An extensive geothermal research program within the German Continental Deep Drilling
Program (KTB) covered an almost complete spectrum of experimental and theoretical …