Stocks JM, Taylor NAS, Tipton MJ, Greenleaf JE. Human physiological responses to cold
exposure. Aviat Space Environ Med 2004; 75: 444–457. Thermal energy is transferred …

Despite previous reviews and commentaries, significant misconceptions remain concerning
deep-body (core) and skin temperature measurement in humans. Therefore, the authors …

Cold water submersion can induce a high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in healthy
volunteers. Submersion and the release of breath holding can activate two powerful and …

Many stressors cause an increase in ventilation in humans. This is predominantly reported
as an increase in minute ventilation (). But, the same can be achieved by a wide variety of …

“Drowning” is defined as “suffocation by submersion, especially in water” 66; it continues to
be the third most common cause of accidental death in the general population and, for …

Essentials of Sea Survival contains original scientific research and investigations from two
internationally recognized experts on cold-water survival. In addition to having practical …

Cold weather can have deleterious effects on health, tolerance, and performance. This
paper will review the physiological responses and external factors that impact cold tolerance …

There is some confusion, and consequent variation in policy, between the agencies
responsible for the search, rescue and resuscitation of submersion victims regarding the …

Background General hypothermia (deep body temperature< 35° C) has been implicated in
immersion-related deaths, but many deaths occur too quickly for it to be involved. We …

The ventilatory responses to immersion and changes in temperature are reviewed. A fall in
skin temperature elicits a powerful cardiorespiratory response, termed “cold shock,” …